Ask a Feminist | Q. 2 What is 'savarna' feminism? by Tara Kaushal

December 2017: I answer questions that are burning your bras and run this column as a makeshift guide to the feminist way of life.

With regard to Raya Sarkar's List, I have heard the phrase 'savarna feminism' thrown around a lot. Could you explain what it means?

“Like all movements, feminism is both theoretical and practical. In theory, we say that feminism is about equality. But what is often forgotten is that, on the ground level, equality cannot be achieved simply by offering non-male genders the right to something and believing that the problem has been solved. If you haven't been allowed to run for centuries and the playing field hasn't been level, simply levelling the field will not create equality. Teaching you to run is what will actually facilitate change. Similarly, when a community is suppressed for generations, it is not equality but equity that can both level the field and teach its members to run. So it might seem as though women and other non-male genders are 'getting more' which is 'not equality'. Remember, equity involves taking affirmative actions to compensate for the systemic historic oppression these genders have faced.”


This column appeared on Pass the Mic, the blog of Why Indian Men Rape in December 2017.

Ask a Feminist | Q. 1 Why do some feminists hate men? by Tara Kaushal

December 2017: I answer questions that are burning your bras and run this column as a makeshift guide to the feminist way of life.

During this #metoo wave I read a lot of horrible stories, stories which I don't wish on anyone and I despise. But something that I also encountered these days is, because of all those negative encounters with men, some women who call themselves 'feminists' are actually just hating men. And that is terrifying me. I feel I cannot say anything, can't have my own opinion without being frowned upon. Is this something you would agree on?

"Having an opinion is completely fine; however, if your opinion submits to the patriarchal structure (with or without intention), feminists will most certainly fight back. However, if you have been subject to random man-hating in the garb of feminism, sorry. Feminism is not equal to misandry and we all know some wonderful men... The appropriate answer when confronted with man-hating is to point out that feminism is not a fight between men and women, but between philosophies—of patriarchy vs equality. Just as some men are feminists and believe in human rights, women can be perpetrators of patriarchy. By hating on all men, misandrists do a disservice to the cause, where like-minded people of all genders should unite to fight the good fight. Further, all women who call themselves 'feminists' are not necessarily representative of feminism as a whole. We hope you find the space and company conducive for your feminist ideas to evolve..."


This column appeared on Pass the Mic, the blog of Why Indian Men Rape in December 2017.

Feminism & the Indian Man by Tara Kaushal

November 2017: Understanding consent and rape in a gendered society.

I think I was born a feminist, although obviously not fully formed (still evolving!), and I have been deeply interested in gender violence in particular. It is apparent that a lot of the impositions imposed on women—don’t go there, don’t do this, don’t wear this, don’t laugh too loud, don’t stay out too late—come from a need to protect us from violence. With reason: I have and do pay a price for being someone who pushes the boundaries, as do countless other women just wanting to live their lives. Not that we are always safe at home or in marriages…

But the focus must move away from the women and to the cause—the perpetrators and culture of violence. And, understanding the problem is the first step to solving it. Thus the question: why do Indian men rape?

Research Methodology & Primary Findings

My primary research methodology involves spending up to a week each, undercover, with 10 perpetrators across the country, in their home environments; interviewing and observing them, and their family and friends. This is in addition to all the books I’m reading, experts I’m interviewing, etc.

We live in a particularly gendered society, with deeply entrenched rigid norms. Then there’s the internet, bringing liberal, modern, feminist ideas into minds and homes through phones. Plus there’s the unfettered access to porn from an early age. And then, there is NO understanding of consent and rape, neither legally nor socially—how can we, when we still have arranged and child marriages? There are so many instances of mixed legal signals—a woman who has lived with a man for 32 years is allowed to claim ‘rape’ if he doesn’t marry her; Mahmood Farooqui was acquitted on the basis of the complainant’s ‘soft no’; child marriage is illegal but recognised, yet sex with a child wife is rape—contributing to this confusion.

As these and other paradigms meet, the gender dynamic is fraught with conflict and different expectations—of each other and for ourselves. One of my subjects, known to gang rape women found alone with their boyfriends, didn’t believe such a thing as rape exists—no sex happens without a woman’s consent, according to him, ignoring the role of his gang’s coercion and power.

From this khichdi “into that heaven of freedom, my father, let my country awake.”

How We Deal with the Idea of Gender

We retain the Victorian model of the gender binary long since it has been challenged—if not abandoned—in its country and since its era of origin. Historic texts show that many Indian religions-societies-cultures acknowledged gender plurality and the existence of a third gender (although its social roles were also rigidly defined). Yet we are only now giving ‘others’ on the gender spectrum legal recognition—because the IPC is based on the puritanical English legal system of the time.

Men are trapped in gender binaries as much as women are—forced to be breadwinners, protectors and perpetrators of their positional superiority, emotionless automatons. This binary is unhealthy and excludes people who don’t fit in to it owing to their sexual or gender orientation—or simply, their individuality. Why must the Hijra community congeal outside mainstream society? Why did the post-op trans man who worked with me have to deal with such vicious rumours in our ‘liberal’ media organisation? Who defines normal, and what is normal anyway?

The change has to come top-down, through the legal system and enforcement, and bottom-up, through media and education’s impact on society and culture.

Impact of Education & the Relevance of Western Feminism in India

Education, the media and the internet are exposing people to ideas of female liberation and modernity. This is having a trickle-down effect, percolating all societies and cultures, even in the remotest villages I’ve visited—whether or not cultural custodians like it. The other day, I watched a man teach his wife to drive a scooter on a village road. “Dekho, madam,” said one of my companions, picking up on a conversation we had just been having, “dus saal pehle toh yeh aurat ghoonghat mein hoti, ghar se bahar nahi nikalti… aur ab akeli road pe scooter chalayegi.

But there is a long way to go. A dear friend is a highly educated and successful professional, who, in her 30s, married another professional she met online. They moved abroad, but the marriage collapsed shortly after. “He wanted me to make him a tiffin everyday, babe,” she said to me, “and he didn’t want me to travel for work… Why didn’t he just marry some village girl if that’s the kind of marriage he wanted?” Men and women are trying to negotiate these new realities, and fumbling.

Neither Western feminism or Indian feminism can be considered hegemonic cannons; they are pluralistic and continue to evolve. I believe that feminist theory and the ultimate goals—freedom and equality (through equity)—are common; its practice is experienced and lived in context.

Challenges Before the Feminist Movement in India

There are many Indias, living simultaneously in many centuries, and there are feminist battles to be fought at all levels. Elements from all waves of Western feminism—legal rights from the first, social rights from the second, individual expression from the third and online activism from the fourth—are all valid here. While privileged feminists battle for the right to retain our surname after marriage, the length of our hemlines and other ‘evolved’ issues, we’re still battling dowry, child marriage and the right to education on other levels. The twain meet in strange ways—I’ve heard of women earning to help pay for their own dowries!

The biggest challenge of the Indian feminist movement is to unify despite these differences, to be truly intersectional and recognise the context of each of these battles being fought—acknowledging considerations of time, place, age, religion, caste, class, economics, etc. Feminist activists are pushing as many boundaries as they can in their respective milieus, and we need to respect each other.

Do we understand feminism… I don’t know. My own circle of friends and followers is an echo chamber of feminist thought, but this is not representational of India at all. In the upper and middle classes though, I have a bit of concern about the popularity of ‘choice feminism’ that is evoked to justify the resurgence of karva chauth and other old-fashioned practices—not all choices made by women are feminist, just because they are women’s choices. And there are the open-ended questions—is a woman performing an item number empowered or pandering to the male gaze? Should the fear of pandering to the male gaze make her cover up?—that drive us mad.

Effect of Class & Caste on Gender Roles

Class in India can be described as an intersection between religion and caste, culture, money, education, language, and the historicity and vocation of the family. And the gender dynamic is unique to each situation. For instance, women are taught to aspire to marry wealthy men, and doing so is a badge of honour. However, women married in to wealthy families are often very disempowered—they aren’t encouraged to work in light of the family money and/or their earnings are ridiculed, and their economic dependence can lead to situations ripe for domestic violence. Needless to say, my advice to women is to ensure their financial independence at all times.

Class position impacts the level of entitlement men feel, and it follows that gender violence tends to follow class lines, with men of any class feeling entitled to women of their class and below. (Of course, there are instances where these class lines are subverted and power dynamic shifted, like in the Delhi Gang Rape because of the number of men, or where the domestic help violates the child of the family, etc.)

At the crux of the matter lies the fact that egalitarian ideas, including feminism, are at odds with the hierarchical Indian caste system, the very basis of our cultural structure. We need to learn to respect the personhood of people across classes, extending to the women.

How Can the Indian Man Join the Feminist Movement in India?

In inviting Indian men to join the feminist movement, I could extoll the advantages of feminism for men, and there are many. But advantages to the men are somewhat irrelevant.

Truth is, not being a feminist today is an unconscionable stand. You either don’t see the historic privileges accorded to the male gender, or you don’t think other genders deserve those privileges. Which makes you either stupid or an asshole… or both.


An edited version of this article appeared on CJP in November 2017.

Interview: Survivor Sonam Mittal by Tara Kaushal

October 2017: Part of a series of interviews Sowmya Rajaram and I conduct of survivors of gender violence.

In 2015, Greenpeace India was rocked by allegations of sexual harassment in the workplace. At the centre of it all was a blog post written by this former employee.

When Sonam, a multiple-rape survivor, joined Greenpeace at their Bengaluru office in 2012, a senior colleague sexually harassed her. She complained to HR—but her complaint was not taken seriously, although the man was known to be a repeat offender. So when another colleague raped her a year later, she was unable to report it to the police or to her employers. “How could I, when the process had failed me once already?" Depressed, she resigned a few months later.

In February 2015, two years after the assault, she finally gained the courage to speak about the episode on social media, as well as about the systemic violence she had faced. It was a decision that would change her life.

She says that therapy helped her understand that what happened to her was not her fault, and allowed her to go public. She weathered the victim shaming, and has even used the title of a hateful blog written about her—Spoilt Modern Indian Woman—as the name of the feminist collective she started on Facebook. She also founded an NGO called Azaadi that helps organisations develop a proactive approach to sexual harassment in the workplace.

Today, for the first time on camera, the ‘Greenpeace Girl’ speaks to Sowmya Rajaram of her difficult journey from victim to survivor… and activist.

Videography- Rahul Deshpande | Production- Jacob Cherian & Priyanka Sutaria | Editing- Poulomi Roy


This interview appeared on Pass the Mic, the blog of Why Indian Men Rape in October 2017.

Interview: Survivor Adrienne Thadani by Tara Kaushal

August 2017: Part of a series of interviews I conduct of survivors of gender violence.

An Indian-American, Adrienne came to Mumbai in 2010 to learn about her roots, fell in love with the country and stayed on as an organic farmer. Around Diwali in 2015, she returned home at night but the front door wouldn’t open. Neither the watchman nor the men he brought—who she assumed were locksmiths—were able to open it. As she sat alone on the landing outside the apartment speaking to friends about where she would stay, one of the men attempted to rape her.

She fought him off and pleaded with him as he dislocated her jaw, banged her head against the floor and broke her fingers, all the while trying to disrobe her. Eventually, she managed to get away, call the lift and stumble into it.

She says she felt strong and powerful after the act—she had caught the perpetrator, got him to the police, got two sets of medical checks, arranged witnesses and, basically, did everything she could to get justice. Two months “of hell” later, owing to the indifference of and difficulties with the law enforcement agencies, she was devastated and depressed. “What is the justice?” she asks.

A year and a half later, she tells me of her difficult story from victim to survivor, and how she has re-found her voice.

Videography- Amol Kamat Photography | Production- Priyanka Sutaria, Arti Jairaj & Rumit Gambhir | Editing- Dhyey Chitalia & Shailesh Makwana (Picture It Photography)


This interview appeared on Pass the Mic, the blog of Why Indian Men Rape in August 2017.

All Changes Great & Small by Tara Kaushal

July 2016: A discussion about plastic surgery through my personal experiences.

When I was 23, I got myself a rhinoplasty. Though my nose is perfectly straight and sits well proportioned in my face, the somewhat bovine curve at the bottom bothered me. Not the curve, per se, but a childhood memory related to it.

When I was about six, my mother had casually told me my nose looked like Barbara Streisand’s. Which, in itself, is not a bad thing to say (though it doesn’t, what were you smoking, Ma)? Forgetting all about seeding this comparison and my spectacular memory, a few months later she said, “Barbara Streisand has a really ugly nose.” This comment, for a reason that completely escaped her, caused her little daughter to weep and weep until my little heart nearly gave way.

And though my nose really didn’t/doesn’t look like the long-nosed singer’s at all; it wasn’t/isn’t really ugly and no one had/has ever said so since—the unintentional scar remained on my psyche, immune to all reason. I wouldn’t pose for side-profile pictures and was convinced it wasn’t my best face forward.

So one fine morning, mother in tow, I consulted a plastic surgeon. A few days later, I protested as he injected my nose with local anaesthesia (ouch!) and endured the hour-long tugging feeling (not ouch). I walked away with an inconspicuous bandage and a little pain that stayed a few days.

It’s the psychological scar that the rhinoplasty fixed. It fixed nothing else, physically speaking, as there is zero discernible difference before and after, despite going back a second time. My aunt, in an effort to make me feel good, kindly said, “Oh, but this is the true test of plastic surgery—you shouldn’t be able to tell!” And then, what exactly is the point?

The curve at the bottom still exists as it always did; but whereas it once looked to me like something you’d stick a ring through if I were a cow, I’ve now made my peace with it. Difference or no difference, pain or no pain, money down the drain or not, the surgery made me feel much better about myself. As I wrote overconfidently in an article fresh off the experience ten years ago: “I no longer feel that Aishwarya Rai is any competition at all…”

Trial & Error

Since, I’ve had other permanent changes made to my body. In addition to the navel ring I’ve had and loved since I was 19, I now have many more earholes than the socially prescribed pair, a nose piercing not seated in the cultural milieu in which I was raised, and eight (and counting) tattoos.

Then there have been the impermanent changes—I’ve had my lips filled twice: once on a whim, the second time along with some Botox to the skin when I was getting married. My hair has borne the brunt of my desire for change, from shaving it at 19 and 23, to a disastrous perm and a whole host of colours.

The first time I had my lips filled was when I was visiting a famous and overrated dermatologist for, you know, regular stuff. I mentioned I had always wanted fuller lips and her ‘why don’t you try’ response set the ball rolling, part of a phase of flippant experimentation. The injections were painful, despite the local anaesthesia. Worse, when the swelling subsided three days later, I discovered that her heavy hand left me with lips too full.

I looked strange, uncomfortable at work with the obvious and obviously new pout. The teasing by close friends, albeit good-natured, didn’t help. Within a month, my lips receded to the nice and gentle plumpness I had first envisioned; they were back to normal in three or so.

The second time was four years later, in the expert hands of aesthetic dermatologist Dr Rashmi Shetty. I loved it. Painful, yes, but worth it! I loved my wedding photos; I loved how my lips looked on my clear face, the acne pits Botoxed away. Dr Shetty told me the pits would be smaller once the Botox wore off, that the mere act of injecting them would stimulate collagen and self-healing—and she was right, then and four years since. The doctor does make all the difference.

The Commands of Culture

Notice I’ve clubbed the changes I’ve made to my body according to their permanence. Doing this is at the base of my argument—that our acceptance of ‘invasive beauty treatments’ is purely cultural. Ear and nose piercings don’t raise eyebrows in India, whereas a rhinoplasty does; in Iran, the ‘nose job capital of the world’, flaunting post-rhinoplasty bandages is a thing. Also consider the (now outlawed) Chinese binding of women’s feet, scarification in some African tribes and the elongation of women’s necks using brass rings practiced by the Kayan tribe in Burma.

What we are supposed and allowed to do with and to our bodies and hair is completely culturally controlled. Prevailing Western norms idealise seemingly effortless, perfect, ‘natural’ beauty, where we are supposed/allowed to ‘decorate’ the features we are ‘born’ with. Thus our willingness to talk about, indeed flaunt, some changes we make, and hide others. Think about it: apart from the personal pain and patience thresholds, what differentiates filling lips from colouring hair or bleaching teeth, if one takes their chemicals to be equally harmful. (In fact, the most commonly used filler, hyaluronic acid, is less toxic than carcinogenic hair dye. Go figure.)

When I got the nose job, I thought long and hard about whether I would tell people. I decided to do so to avoid the lying and its complications (and then, as I am wont to do, I wrote about it in a national magazine). “No need for a nose job, babe, you’re beautiful as you are,” read Shibu’s SMS. “Kya naak katake aayee hai,” said my witty grandfather. “Great new weight-loss plan—getting rid of 20 grams at a time by chopping off body parts,” teased Shiv.

But, considering just how successful my surgeon’s pursuit of a ‘subtle change’ was and the lack of a scar, I could well have got away without revealing this indulgence to anyone but family. Not so with the obvious pout the first time I got the lip fillers. And with the work around the wedding—everyone just commented on how lovely I looked. This, then, was the subtlety of cosmetic treatments my aunt was talking about.

Keeping It Real

As ironic as it sounds, I believe it’s important to talk about the work beauty entails, in order to keep it real. Bombarded with media and advertising ideas of ‘perfect female beauty’, it’s worse to propagate the myth that it’s cheap, stress-free and natural. When beauty icons thank #metabolism for their bodies and #greatgenes for their skins and features—not starvation diets, crazy workouts and surgery; dermatology; make-up and Photoshop—they make it all seem easy-peasy, and others feel worse.

Compare, for instance, the routes of actress Anushka Sharma and Kylie Jenner of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, and their repercussions. When Anushka’s lip job was ‘outed’ on Koffee with Karan—she says she wasn’t hiding, just “didn’t know [she] had to tell everyone”—she took on Twitter bullies headfirst, making a statement about choice. Meanwhile, 18-year-old Kylie spent years denying cosmetic changes, her luscious lips prompting the painful #kyliejennerchallenge on social media. Teens blew up their lips by sucking in on bottles or shot glasses causing painful bruising—until she finally admitted to using temporary lip fillers.

Why Do I Do It?

I don’t think I’m ugly—far from it, I think I’m pretty attractive (and modest, as you can see). Not for the pleasure of the Male Gaze; not for the pressure of perfection.

There is no doubt that looking good makes me feel good. At 33, I’m fitter than I have ever been (when I can, I work out for at least 20 hours a month, FYI). I don’t envision using lip fillers again and, in theory, I have no problems with the impending wrinkles and the inching sags. My tattoos both display and enhance my body confidence, and I foresee swathes of inked skin. I also see myself covering growing greys with plumes of pink and purple, ‘coz camouflage is clearly my thing.

I do it because I want to. While I’m wary of ‘choice feminism’—not all choices women make are feministic simply by virtue of being women’s choices—ones journey with ones body is ones own. I am individualistic; I do both, rebel against and participate in a variety of cultures. As does my body.

With the body, as with life, one must accept the things one cannot or does not want to change; change the things one cannot or does not want to accept. To embrace it and transcend it; to enjoy it and worship it; to love it and let it go.


An edited version of this article appeared in Elle in July 2016. Read the first article I wrote about my rhinoplasty here.

Bald, Bold & Beautiful by Tara Kaushal

May 2016: Why I—and so many other women who’ve also taken the step—found going bald liberating.

Artist and TED Fellow Sharmistha Ray’s personal and powerful ‘In India, Choosing a Hairstyle is an Act of Social Revolt’ sent me down memory lane, and back to journals from when I was 19 and 22. For around six months each time, I’d sported a shaved head—phases I consider crucial in my personal growth.

The first time was on my 19th birthday. As my father and I left to go to the barber’s shop in Noida, that pulsating epicentre of patriarchy, we told my grandmother where we were going and what for. When we returned, she was aghast—she couldn’t believe my father would let me do a ‘mundan’ of my long, dark, beautiful hair, and had thought we’d been joking.

The second time was when he lay dying, and I’d just moved to Mumbai just before I’d turned 23, at a turbulent phase of my romantic life. 

It’s a funny sensation, getting rid of a headful of hair. Both times, I had this strange tick that abated in a day or two, my neck and head adjusting to the weight that had been lifted. And, both times, it had been, symbolically.

By scorning this traditional marker of beauty, at 19 I was ready to declare that I was individualistic and freethinking; bold and confrontational; that I would strive to challenge unfounded sociocultural rules about femininity… and everything, for that matter. As my life spiralled towards crash-landing at 22, it reminded me of the control I could exert on my own choices and body; represented the bittersweet freedom of leaving a marriage; and gave me strength.

It was certainly a ‘thing’. “Feminine constructs for hair aren’t specific to India, of course, but here, the feminine aesthetic is strictly binary and coded — and dogmatically enforced by society,” says Sharmistha. Open, bound, dishevelled or shorn; with hairstyles so deeply socialised in Indian culture, “the freedom to do what one likes with one’s hair is implicit in the struggle for emancipation from social bondage.”

It is no wonder that many of my more radical counterculture and feminist friends have shaved their heads, usually in their early 20s. Now in their mid- to late-30s, these women all describe the liberation and strength the step gave them. Most of us still wear our hair short or give-a-damn. “I loved answering the question ‘Why?’” said Shibu. “Gave me a chance to shock and awe.” For Isha: “It was kind-of like wearing my rebellion, my heart, on my head.”

I met the lovely liberal man who would be my second husband during my second bald phase. From the moment we met, there was never confusion about what I stood for—and what he did. Sporting an ‘integrated personality’ cuts out the bullshit and lets people know who you are, right off the bat, and I’m all for the expression of ones true self, in the way one wears ones body.

If you’ve never done it before—get yourself a bald look or buzz cut. Perfect for the summer heat too…


An edited version of this article appeared on iDiva in May 2016.

Curfew: A Feminist Issue by Tara Kaushal

May 2016: Why the infantalisation of adult women by their families must stop.

At a recent sundowner, I met a woman who said she wouldn’t come to the afterparty because “I have the Cinderella problem, you know… I have to be home by 12.” “Why?!” I asked, astounded—I haven’t met someone with a curfew since I can remember, and I had gathered from our conversation thus far that she was a 38-year-old businesswoman. “Parents,” she said (single/divorced, it never came up). 

There are several reasons children are given curfews. For boys and girls, the primary one is safety—dark things lurk in the shadows of the night. With teenagers, parents are also worried about the things they get up to, though someone I know once retorted to his father, “It’s not like we can’t have sex in the day, you know.”

From teenage, one notices a strong bifurcation, where the boys’ curfews are much later than the girls’, even between siblings. Why, though? Socioculturally, boys experiment with alcohol, drugs, porn, sex and drugs, and start driving earlier than girls do; ergo, it is safe to assume that the things they’re getting up to are ‘worse’ than the girls. Alongside the sexual safety aspect, another thing has changed here—here’s where The Big R, Reputation, raises its head for girls.

And it apparently stays that way, until the woman is married, whether or not she lives with her parents. I’ve heard many generations of my girl students from out of town (in Mumbai for a post grad course, around 22-23 years old) tell me how their parents call to ensure they’re home at night. A 30-year-old friend from the North East describes how her mother uses FaceTime or insists on receiving a WhatsApp location. (Every one of them ends up telling their parents the most creative lies, just FYI. As do the boys.)

For a moment, let’s consider—and dismiss—the sexual safety aspect for adult women. Acquaintance rape (by a man you know) and custodial rape (by a man with higher status, such as a landlord, policeman or employer), which are common in India, are as likely in the day as in the night. Assuming a woman is with people she trusts, her passage home late at night is safe enough in most Indian metros. I take my safety in the trains, cabs and autos of Mumbai for granted; even in Delhi, radio cabs and safety apps mean women no longer need a male escort home, as we did when I lived there. No drunk driving either, great.

The bottom line, methinks, is that families fear the nefarious nocturnal activities of their daughters—and the reputation they engender. This infantalisation of women, their wills bent at the altar of patriarchy norms and safety, makes curfew a feminist issue.

Parents: trust your kids, set them free, and know that what’s fair for your sons is fair for your daughters. Women: push the boundaries. Stay out at night, reclaim our streets, play a part in making that the new normal. The personal is, after all, political.


An edited version of this article appeared on iDiva in May 2016.